Concrete


 * __CONCRETE__ **

◦ Concrete: is a manufactured mixture of cement and water, with aggregates of sand and stones, which hardens rapidly by chemical combination to a stonelike, water-and-fire-resisting solid of great compressive but low tensile strength. ◦ Reinforced concrete: is concrete in which reinforcement bars ("rebars"), reinforcement grids, plates or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen the concrete in tension. It was invented by French gardener Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867. ◦ Concrete- shell construction: permits the erection of vast vaults and domes with a concrete and steel content so reduced that the thickness is comparatively less than that of an eggshell. ◦ Precast-concrete construction: is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. ◦ Prestressed concrete: provides bearing members into which reinforcement is set under tension to produce a live force to resist a particular load. Since the member acts like a spring, it can carry a greater load than an unstressed member of the same size.
 * __Definitions:__**

Tilt-up and tiltwall are two terms used to describe the same process. For a tilt-up concrete building, the walls are created by assembling forms and pouring large slabs of concrete called panels directly at the job site. Because the concrete tiltwall forms are assembled and poured directly at the job site, no transportation of panels is required.
 * __Differences between tiltwall construction, tilt-up panel construction and pre-cast concrete construction__**

Tiltwall panels can sometimes be extremely wide and/or tall. Tilt-up panel have been measured at just over 69 feet across and almost 93 feet from top to bottom. Thus, architects and tilt-up concrete contractors have a great deal of flexibility in planning and creating their buildings. Because concrete tilt-up walls are poured outdoors, contractors are at the mercy of climatic conditions. This is why tilt-up construction is particularly popular where cold weather occurs less frequently.

The precast concrete building process is similar to tilt-up construction, but it addresses the challenges presented by weather. For precast concrete buildings, work crews do not set up forms at the job site to create the panels.

The fact that precast concrete walls are formed at a manufacturing facility resolves the weather issue, but presents a different limitation not found in tilt-up construction. Because the panels must be transported - sometimes over long distances - places a substantial limitation on how wide or tall each panel can be.

◦ Hardnes: make a material hardening ◦ Stonelike: stone similar in hardness ◦ Water-and-fire-resistin: resistant to extreme heat and humidity ◦ Compressive: volume reduction by the action of a pressure ◦Tensile strength: ability to withstand the pressure of forces acting in opposite directions ◦ Poured: tilt a container to empty ◦ Fusing: combine several elements to produce one ◦ Volcanic-ash: made of a composition of very thin particles of rock and mineral ejected by volcanic opening. ◦ Brick ribbing: joints between the bricks that allow the construction of walls or ceilings ◦ Sewerage: system structures and pipes used for collecting and transporting wastewater and storm water in a population from where they are generated to the site that drain ◦ Water-proofing: describes objects relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. ◦ Reinforced concrete: is the use of concrete reinforced with steel bars or meshes, called frames. ◦ Pipe: duct which fulfills the function of transporting water or other fluids ◦ Mesh: Tissue of small rings or links of iron or other metal, bonded together: ◦ Limitless: that has no limits or boundaries ◦ Stresses: emphasizing something ◦ Slab: Stone smooth, flat and thin that is used to pave floors and tiled walls: ◦ Hardscape construction: solid character elements used to construct ◦ Deck: thing that is placed on top of another to cover it or protect it. ◦ Spring: operator capable of storing elastic energy and discard it without permanent deformation when they cease or tension forces to which it is subjected.
 * __Glossary:__**